The Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay - 1736 Words

Effects of Video Games We see it everywhere we go, video games. Kids and adults are being captivated over the new video games that are coming out. Call of Duty, Battlefield,Uncharted; these are the games that people are enjoying and becoming fascinated with. What do all of those things have in common? There is only one answer and that is violence. Fighting, shooting, killing, these are the things that video games bring to the table and stimulate people s minds. We should ask ourselves whether kids should be exposed to this kind of violence. I think that kids shouldn t be exposed to violent video games because it can take away from the brains functions, it can affect their future, and video games can cause social awkwardness. For the most part, you can tell if someone is addicted to games. Video games have been around for many years, entertaining everyone all over the world. I was a game phonetic and had to have all of the new shooter games. When I got my first game (Call of Duty Black Ops) I let go of my friends and family. I didn t realize it until my parent took away my game until I came back into the real world. From firsthand experience, I know games can affect the brain. The human brain adapts to its environment, so if your brain is continuously focused in front of a game, it will most likely get affecting in the same way. When your brain is affected like mines was, you can suffer the consequences of having attention or behavioral problems. Kids like toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Video games have always been a controversial type of entertainment, that may come from how relatively new video games are compared to other mediums of entertainment[1]. Maybe because of that when a violent crime occurs and the culprit has played a lot of games the media is quick to point at violent games as the reason for the crime, but is that true or are the media just biased or looking for quick views, this report aims to answer that question. Do games affect our way of thinkingRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesScreening to a halt: Are parents in New Zealand able to identify signs of dependency or addiction in their children due to over use of screen-time from the recreational use of video games? Digital technology and the vast amount of video games have increased the amount of screen time consumption in contemporary New Zealand society. The saturation of smart phones, ipad’s, tablets, computers, game consoles and the Internet are devices with the means of connection to gaming. Many New Zealand families integrateRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Video Games on Children Technology today has progressed rapidly from generation to generation. Children and young adults are both into video games and the latest gadgets out there. Video games have been available to customers for the last 30 years. They are a unique way to entertain individuals because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Victor Strasburger an author of â€Å"Children, Adolescents, and the media† stated â€Å"The rising popularity of video games hasRead MoreThe Effects of Video and Video Games on Children2043 Words   |  8 Pagesaction, usually in a cartoon, movie, or video game. For many of us, Disney is where we refer back to early forms of animation with the idea of using thousands of consecutive drawings; through Disney, we can now see how far this idea of breathing life into static objects has advanced. Today, animation is becoming more and more realistic. With highly advanced technology and computer programs, it has become easier for simple cartoons to develop into what children see as real life. These animated cartoonsRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1548 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games Introduction Today video games are a staple in most households. It is pretty amazing to know that the first creation of games date all the way back to the 1900s. They were not originally invented to make a profit, but to give patients something to do while waiting in the lobby of an office. One inventor had a simple idea of using the monitor not just as a television set, but as a way to play games. College students were just playing around with equipment and happened upon something greatRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children927 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games are a more interesting form of entertainment for the simple reason that players may become part of the game’s plot. Video games were invented for many years now. However, the current variety of games raised concerns about how they affect the children s behavior due to the fact that the games are becoming more sophisticated. Children spend most of their free time playing video games. Sometimes children refrain from completi ng important duties and dedicate all of their time playing videoRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children940 Words   |  4 Pageswas bored they went outside to play, they created new games, or they played with friends. But, for the past three decades, video games and other digital media have been persuading many adolescents and children to spend the majority of their time playing them. Video games seem to satisfy children’s natural need to interact socially, however more often than not, they lead to social isolation. Overexposure to digital media, such as video games is detrimental to the health and function of a child’sRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an a ll-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction For more than 30 years, video gaming has been a popular activity amongst many of America’s children. With over $63 billion (Reuters, reuters.com) worth sold each year, video games are here to stay. While much controversy has arisen over the subject, video games have benefited the United States of America and its citizens to a great degree. For example, the military and CIA use gaming to train soldiers (Davidson, www.ehow.com), and classrooms use video games to teach students. The potentialRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of today has developed in a way that even children are affected by technology. They enjoy video games in their leisure time and even prefer them to studying that, in its turn, can contribute to their poor performance in the class. These days, video games have become an issue that has brought concern to many people from parents to scholars about their potential effect on the future of children through influenci ng their conduct. They feel that the violent behavior or any other negative consequence

The Development Of Drivers For Virtual Machines - 1074 Words

I. Introduction to the topic This paper will be analyzing the development of drivers for virtual machines, as well as how virtual machines access host hardware. Topics covered will include what interest what interest I/O driver virtualization holds for the computer information science field, a general overview of virtualization, I/O hardware virtualization, and virtualization of I/O drivers. II. Why the topic is of interest Due to increased efficiency in Central Processing Units, most computers today are not used to their full potential. In fact, time interrupt handlers are issued as wait time, thus eating up CPU clock cycles. Virtualization gave the opportunity for multiple x86 Operating Systems to run on one machine. As CPU’s were†¦show more content†¦CPU, memory and resources are divided amongst the OSes by the Virtual Machine Monitors, where the Virtual Machine resides. The Virtual Machine is a software abstraction that will behave as though it is a complete machine, with virtual hardware resources, RAM, and I/O hardware [1]. There are two main approaches to virtualization: hosted architecture, and hypervisor architecture. In hosted architecture, the encapsulation layer is installed in the form of an application on the Operating System, while the hypervisor architecture involves the installing of the encapsulation layer, or hypervisor, on a clean system, which gives direct access to the system’s resources [2]. The issue of virtualization is that the virtualized OSes do not have full access to hardware resources and memory. They expect to execute within a high privilege level. The VMM is run in this high layer, while the OS is moved to the user level, above the application level. This change in privilege requires costly saving and restoring, and system calls can lead to some CPU cache loss. Instead, a translation look-aside buffer, or TLB, is used upon VMM entry and exit to cache physical and virtual address translation [3]. Because different privilege levels also effect semantics, binary translation is used to make up for the move. Three possibilities exist to allow virtualization: full virtualization with binary translation,

Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project â€Å"DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE† is used to control appliances which are far away from the user using mobile phone. The aim of the proposed system is to develop a cost effective solution that will provide controlling of home appliances remotely and enable home security against intrusion in the absence of homeowner. The devices connected as home and office appliances consume electrical power and they should be controlled as well as turn on /off if required. We will write a custom essay sample on Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the time, it was done manually. Now it is a necessity to control devices more effectively and efficiently at anytime from anywhere. Take an instant when we are going to office and suddenly remembered that to switch off the microwave oven we fell convenient if we could switch off without going back to home, in such situations this project comes to our rescue. In this system, we are going to develop a cellular phone based home/office appliance controller for controlling arbitrary devices. This includes a mobile phone which is connected to the system via head set. To activate the mobile phone unit on the system, a call is to be made and as the call is answered (auto answer mode), in response the user would enter a password to access the system to control devices. As the caller presses the specific button on the keypad, it results in turning ON or OFF specific device and the device switching is achieved by relays. In this project, we designed a basic model and it is used to control 4 lights using a mobile phone, micro-controller and transceiver. The maximum number of devices that can be operated will be the number of buttons present on the keypad of mobile phone. . 1 Block diagram: Figure 1. 1: Block Diagram Fig 1. 1 represents the block diagram of DTMF Remote Appliance Control System using Mobile phone, used to control the appliances present at a distance. Brief Description of Hardware Modules: The DTMF Remote Appliance Control System consists of 1. Mobile Phone 2. MT8888 DTMF Transceiver 3. Philips 89C51 Micro-controller 4. Liquid Crystal Dis play 5. Power Supply Unit 6. Relay Driver 7. Relays 8. Devices 1. 2. 1 Mobile Phone: Mobile Phone is used as a media to instruct the micro controller to power ON/OFF the appliances. The mobile phone used here is Nokia 6030 as it has the required features and is interfaced with the transceiver through ear phones. 1. 2. 2 MT8888 DTMF Transceiver: The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call progress filter. The transceiver consists of transmitter and receiver. The DTMF signals are transmitted through transmitter and they are received by the mobile phone and decoded using a DTMF receiver/decoder IC’s. 1. 2. 3 PHILIPS 89C51 Micro Controller: The PHILIPS 89C51 is a low cost micro-controller. It has a 40 pin configuration and contains non volatile Flash memory of 64KB which is both parallel programmable and serial in system programmable memory. 1. 2. 4 LCD display: The LCD unit receives character codes (8 bits per character) from a microprocessor or microcomputer, latches the codes to its display data RAM (80 byte DD RAM for storing 80 characters), transforms each character code into a 5Ãâ€"7 dot matrix character pattern, and displays the characters on its LCD screen. 1. 2. 5 Power Supply Unit: The power supply unit is used to provide a constant 5V supply to different IC’s. This is a standard circuit using external 12V DC adapter and fixed 3-pin voltage regulator. Diode is added in series to avoid reverse voltage. 1. 2. 6 Relay Driver: The ULN2003 is a high-voltage, high-current darling ton driver comprising of seven NPN darling ton pairs. For high input impedance, we may use two transistors to form a darling ton pair and this pair in CC configuration provides input impedance as high as 2Mohms. 1. 2. 7 Relays: Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by another switch, such as a horn switch or a computer as in a power train control module. Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a high current circuit. 1. 2. 8 Devices: The devices can be micro-wave oven, bulbs, fans, air cooler, etc which are far away from the user. The micro-controller plays the intelligent part in controlling these devices. 1. 3 Working: This project is used to control the appliances present at a distance using a mobile phone. The first step is the user should make a call to the mobile phone, which is in auto answer mode and thus call gets connected. The user presses the digits present over the keypad of his phone for controlling the appliances present at home or office. Whenever a button is pressed a tone is generated and it is transferred to the mobile phone present in the home or office, which is interfaced with the DTMF transceiver. The DTMF receiver decodes the tone generated and it activates the controller accordingly. The controller operates the devices according to the coding set by the user. The status of the devices whether they are ON/OFF is indicated in the LCD. CHAPTER 2 MT8888 DTMF TRANSCEIVER Introduction: The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call progress filter. It is fabricated using CMOS technology and it offers low power consumption and high reliability. The receiver section is based upon the industry standard MT8870 DTMF receiver, while the transmitter utilizes a switched capacitor D/A converter for low distortion, high accuracy DTMF signaling. Internal counters provide a burst mode such that tone bursts can be transmitted with precise timing. A call progress filter can be selected allowing a microprocessor to analyze call progress tones. The MT8888C utilizes an Intel micro interface, which allows the device to be connected to a number of popular microcontrollers with minimal external logic. The applications of DTMF transceiver include credit card systems, paging systems, repeater systems, interconnector dialers, mobile radio and personal computers. In our project, it is used for decoding the tone generated by the user when he presses a button of the keypad. After decoding the tone, it is given to the microcontroller for controlling the appliances. Features: The features of MT8888 DTMF transceiver include: 20 pin DIP package Central office quality DTMF transmitter/receiver Low power consumption High speed Intel micro interface Compatible with 6800 microprocessors Adjustable guard time Automatic tone burst mode Call progress tone detection up to -30dbm Microprocessor port Pin Diagram Description: Figure 2. 1: DTMF Pin Diagram Figure 2. 1 shows the pin diagram of MT8888 and the description of the monolithic IC is as shown in the following table 2. 1. Table 2. 1: Description of Pins of DTMF Transceiver Pin NoNameDescription 1IN+Non-inverting op-amp input 2IN-Inverting op-amp input. 3GSGain Select. Gives access to output of front end differential amplifier for connection of feedback resistor. 4VrefReference Voltage output (VDD/2). VSSGround (0V). 6OSC1DTMF clock/oscillator input. Connect a 4. 7M? resistor to VSS if crystal oscillator is used. 7OSC2Oscillator output. A 3. 579545 MHz crystal connected between OSC1 and OSC2 completes the internal oscillator circuit. Leave open circuit when OSC1 is driven externally. 8TONEOutput from internal DTMF transmitter. 9WRWrite microprocessor input. TTL compatible. 10CSChip Select input. Active Low. This sig nal must be qualified externally by address latch enable (ALE) signal. 11RS0Register Select input. TTL compatible. 12RDRead microprocessor input. TTL compatible. 3IRQ/CPInterrupt Request/Call Progress (open drain) output. In interrupt mode, this output goes low when a valid DTMF tone burst has been transmitted or received. In call progress mode, this pin will output a rectangular signal representative of the input signal applied at the input op-amp. The input signal must be within the bandwidth limits of the call progress filter. 14-17D0-D3Microprocessor Data Bus. High impedance when CS=1or RD=1. TTL compatible. 18EStEarly Steering output. Presents logic high once the digital algorithm has detected a valid tone pair (signal condition). Any momentary loss of signal condition will cause ESt to return to a logic low. 19St/GTSteering Input/Guard Time output (bidirectional). A voltage greater than V ts detected at St causes the device to register the detected tone pair and updated output latch. A voltage less than V tst frees the device to accept a new tone pair. The GT output acts to reset the external steering time-constant; its state is a function of ESt and the voltage on St. 20VDDPositive power supply (5V typical). 2. 4 Functional Description: The MT8888C Integrated DTMF Transceiver consists of a high performance DTMF receiver with an internal gain setting amplifier and a DTMF generator which employs a burst counter to synthesize precise tone bursts and pauses. A call progress mode can be selected so that frequencies within the specified pass band can be detected. The Intel micro interface allows microcontrollers, such as the 8080, 80C31/51 and 8085, to access the MT8888C internal registers. The block diagram of DTMF transceiver is as shown in figure 2. 2. Figure 2. 2: Block Diagram of DTMF Transceiver 2. 5 Call Progress Filter: A call progress mode using the MT8888C can be selected allowing the detection of various tones, which identify the progress of a telephone call on the network. The call progress tone input and DTMF input are common; however call progress tones can only be detected when CP mode has been selected. DTMF signals cannot be detected if CP mode has been selected. Figure 2. 3 indicates the useful detect bandwidth of the call progress filter. Frequencies presented to the input, which are within the ‘accept’ bandwidth limits of the filter are hard limited by a high gain comparator with the IRQ/CP pin serving as the output. The square wave output obtained from the Schmitt trigger can be analyzed by a microprocessor or counter arrangement to determine the nature of the call progress tone being detected. Frequencies which are in the ‘reject’ area will not be detected and consequently the IRQ/CP pin will remain low. Figure 2. 3: Call Progress Response 2. 6 DTMF generator: The DTMF transmitter employed in the MT8888C is capable of generating all sixteen standard DTMF tone pairs with low distortion and high accuracy. All frequencies are derived from an external 3. 579545 MHz crystal. The sinusoidal waveforms for the individual tones are digitally synthesized using row and column programmable dividers and switched capacitor D/A converters. The row and column tones are mixed and filtered providing a DTMF signal with low total harmonic distortion and high accuracy. To specify a DTMF signal, data conforming to the encoding format shown in Table 2. 2 must be written to the transmit Data Register. Note that this is the same as the receiver output code. The individual tones which are generated (f LOW and f HIGH) are referred to as Low Group and High Group tones. As seen from the table, the low group frequencies are 697, 770, 852 and 941 Hz. The high group frequencies are 1209, 1336, 1477 and 1633 Hz. Typically; the high group to low group amplitude ratio (twist) is 2 dB to compensate for high group attenuation on long loops. The period of each tone consists of 32 equal time segments. The period of a tone is controlled by varying the length of these time segments. During write operations to the Transmit Data Register the 4 bit data on the bus is latched and converted to 2 of 8 coding for use by the programmable divider circuitry. This code is used to specify a time segment length, which will ultimately determine the frequency of the tone. When the divider reaches the appropriate count, as determined by the input code, a reset pulse is issued and the counter starts again. The number of time segments is fixed at 32; however, by varying the segment length as described above the frequency can also be varied. The divider output clocks another counter, which addresses the sine wave lookup ROM. Table 2. 2: DTMF Tones FLOWFHIGHDIGITD3D2D1D0 697120910001 697133620010 697147730011 770120940100 770133650101 770147760110 852120970111 52133681000 852147791001 941133601010 9411209*1011 9411477#1100 6971633A1101 7701633B1110 8521633C1111 9411633D0000 Note: 0= LOGIC LOW, 1= LOGIC HIGH The lookup table contains codes which are used by the switched capacitor D/A converter to obtain discrete and highly accurate DC voltage levels. Two identical circuits are employed to produce row and column tones, which are then mixed using a l ow noise summing amplifier. The oscillator described needs no â€Å"start-up† time as in other DTMF generators since the crystal oscillator is running continuously thus providing a high degree of tone burst accuracy. A bandwidth limiting filter is incorporated and serves to attenuate distortion products above 8 kHz. It can be seen from Figure 2. 4 that the distortion products are very low in amplitude. Figure 2. 4: Spectrum Plot 2. 7 Receiver Section: Separation of the low and high group tones is achieved by applying the DTMF signal to the inputs of two sixth-order switched capacitor band pass filters, the bandwidths of which correspond to the low and high group frequencies. These filters incorporate notches at 350 Hz and 440 Hz for exceptional dial tone rejection. Each filter output is followed by a single order switched capacitor filter section, which smoothes the signals prior to limiting. Limiting is performed by high-gain comparators which are provided with hysterics to prevent detection of unwanted low-level signals. The outputs of the comparators provide full rail logic swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals. Following the filter section is a decoder employing digital counting techniques to determine the frequencies of the incoming tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF frequencies. A complex averaging algorithm protects against tone simulation by extraneous signals such as voice while providing tolerance to small frequency deviations and variations. This averaging algorithm has been developed to ensure an optimum combination of immunity to talk-off and tolerance to the presence of interfering frequencies (third tones) and noise. When the detector recognizes the presence of two valid tones (this is referred to as the â€Å"signal condition† in some industry specifications) the â€Å"Early Steering† (ESt) output will go to an active state. Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to assume an inactive state. The DTMF keypad is as shown in figure 2. 5 Figure 2. 5: Typical DTMF Keypad 123A697 Hz 456B770 Hz 789C852 Hz *0#D941 Hz 1209 Hz1336 Hz1477 Hz1633 Hz 2. 8 Burst Mode: In certain telephony applications it is required that DTMF signals being generated are of a specific duration determined either by the particular application or by any one of the exchange transmitter specifications currently existing. Standard DTMF signal timing can be accomplished by making use of the Burst Mode. The transmitter is capable of issuing symmetric bursts/pauses of predetermined duration. This burst/pause duration is 51 ms ± 1 ms, which is a standard interval for auto dialer and central office applications. After the burst/pause has been issued, the appropriate bit is set in the Status Register indicating that the transmitter is ready for more data. The timing described above is available when DTMF mode has been selected. However, when CP mode (Call Progress mode)is selected, the burst/pause duration is doubled to 102 ms  ±2 ms. Note that when CP mode and Burst mode have been selected, DTMF tones may be transmitted only and not received. In applications where a non-standard burst/pause time is desirable, a software timing loop or external timer can be used to provide the timing pulses when the burst mode is disabled by enabling and disabling the transmitter. Microprocessor interface: The MT8888C incorporates an Intel microprocessor interface which is compatible with fast versions (16 MHz) of the 80C51. No wait cycles need to be inserted. Figure 2. 6 and Figure 2. are the timing diagrams for the Intel 8031, 8051 and 8085 (5 MHz) microcontrollers. By NANDing the address latch enable (ALE) output with the high-byte address (P2) decode output, CS is generated. Figure 2. 8 summarizes the connection of these Intel processors to the MT8888C transceiver. Figure 2. 6: 8031/8051/8085 Read Timing Diagram Figure 2. 7: 8031/8051/8085 Write Timing Diagram Figure 2. 8: MT8888C Interface Connections for Various Intel Micros The microprocessor interface provides access to five internal registers. The read-only Receive Data Register contains the decoded output of the last valid DTMF digit received. Data entered into the write-only Transmit Data Register will determine which tone pair is to be generated. Transceiver control is accomplished with two control registers (see Table 2. 3 and Table 2. 4), CRA and CRB, which have the same address. A write operation to CRB is executed by first setting the most significant bit (b3) in CRA. The following write operation to the same address will then be directed to CRB, and subsequent write cycles will be directed back to CRA. The read-only status register indicates the current transceiver state (see Table 2. 5). Table 2. 3: Control Register A Description BITNAME DESCRIPTION b0TOUTTone Output Control. Logic high enables the tone output; a logic low turns the tone output off. This bit controls all transmit tone functions. b1CP/DTMFCall Progress or DTMF Mode Select. A logic high enables the receive call progress mode; a logic low enables DTMF mode. In CP mode a rectangular wave representation of the received tone signal will be present on the IRQ/CP output pin if IRQ has been enabled (Control Register A,b2=1). In order to be detected, CP signals must be within the bandwidth specified in the AC Electrical Characteristics for Call Progress. Note: DTMF signals cannot be detected when CP mode is selected. b2IRQInterrupt Enable. A logic high enables the interrupt function; a logic low when either 1) a valid DTMF signal has been received for a valid guard time duration, or 2) the transmitter is ready for more data (burst mode only). b3RSELRegister Select. A logic high selects control register B for the next write cycle to the control register address. After writing to control register B, the following control register write cycle will be directed to control register A. Table 2. 4: Control Register B Description BITNAME DESCRIPTION b0 BURSTBurst Mode Select. Logic high de-activates burst mode; a logic low enables burst mode. When activated, the digital code representing a DTMF signal can be written to the transmit register, which will result in a transmit DTMF tone burst and pause of equal durations (typically 51msec). Following the pause, the status register will be updated (b1-Transmit Data Register Empty) and an interrupt will occur if the interrupt mode has been enabled. When CP mode (control register A, b1) is enabled the normal tone burst and pause durations are extended from a typical duration of 51msec to 102 msec. When BURST is high (de-activated) the transmit tone burst duration is determined by the TOUT bit (control register A, b0). b1TESTTest Mode Control. Logic high enables the test mode; a logic low de-activates the test mode. When TEST is enabled and DTMF mode is selected (control register A, b1=0), the signal present on the IRQ/CP pin will be analogous to the state of the delayed steering bit of the status register. 2 S/DSingle or Dual Tone Generation. Logic high selects the single tone output; a logic low selects the dual tone output. The single tone generation function registers further selection of either the row or column tones (Low or high group) through the C/R bit (control register B,b3). b3 C/RColumn or Row tone select. Logic high selects a column tone output, a logic low selects a row tone output. This function is used in conjunc tion with the S/D bit (control register B, b2). Table 2. 5: Status Register Description BITNAMESTATUS OF FLAGSTATUS FLAG CLEARED 0IRQInterrupt has occurred. Bit one (b1) or bit two (b2) is set. Interrupt is inactive. Cleared after status register is read. b1Transmit data register empty(Burst Mode only)Pause duration has terminated and transmitter is ready for new data. Cleared after Status Register is read or when in non-burst mode. b2Receive Data Register FullValid data is in the Receive Data Register. Cleared after Status Register is read. b3 Delayed SteeringSet upon the valid detection in the absence of a DTMF signal. Cleared upon the detection of a valid DTMF signal. A software reset must be included at the beginning of all programs to initialize the control registers upon power-up or power reset (see Figure 19). Refer to Tables 4-7 for bit descriptions of the two control registers. The multiplexed IRQ/CP pin can be programmed to generate an interrupt upon validation of DTMF signals or when the transmitter is ready for more data (burst mode only). Alternatively, this pin can be configured to provide a square wave output of the call progress signal. The IRQ/CP pin is an open drain output and requires an external pull-up resistor. 2. DTMF Registers and initialization: The DTMF has two control registers, one transmits register, one receives register, and one status register. Along with this there is a data buffer which is the entry point for the data for the DTMF to communicate with the microcontroller depending upon the give control signals on the DTMF control pins like rs0,r/w, and the data from the data buffer is communicated with the DTMF. The c ombination of rs0 and r/w pins will give the following result as shown in table 2. 6. Table 2. 6: DTMF Internal Registers RS0R/WFUNCTION 00Write to Transmit Data Register 1Read from Receive Data Register 10Write to Control Register 11Read from Status Register Initialization of DTMF: A software reset must be included at the beginning of all programs to initialize the control registers after power up. The initialization procedure should be implemented 100ms after power up. Description Control Data CS RS0 R/W b3 b2 b1 b0 Read status register 0 1 1 x x x Write to control register 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Write to control register 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Read status register 0 1 1 x x x x Transmission using DTMF: The DTMF has to receive a command to transmit and then the data to send. Consider an example of sending a 50 ms tone- 50 ms pause burst. The procedure is as follows. CS RS0 R/W b3 b2 b1 b0 1. Write to Control Register A 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 (Tone out, DTMF, IRQ, Select Control Register B) 2) Write to Control Register B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 (Burst mode) 3) Write to Transmit Data Register 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 (Send a digit 7) Reception using DTMF: Reception is carried out by checking the status of DTMF for a valid data in receive register and then receive it by a command. The procedure is as follows. 1) Read the Status Register 0 1 1 x x x x -if bit 1 is set, the Tx is ready for the next tone, in which case†¦ Write to Transmit Register 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (Send a digit 5) -if bit 2 is set, a DTMF tone has been received, in which case†¦. Read the Receive Data Register 0 0 1 x x x -if both bits are set†¦ Read the Receive Data Register 0 0 1 x x x x Write to Transmit Data Register 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Thus the initialization of DTMF Transceiver is done using the internal registers according to ur requirements and then it is used for decoding the tones generated by the user. CHAPTER 3 THE MICROCONTROLLER 3. 1 Introduction: Phillips 89C51 contains a non-volatile FLASH program memory that is both parallel programmable and serial in system and in application programmable. It is an 8-bit micro controller from MHS-51 Intel family with 4K bytes of flash and 128 bytes of internal RAM. It has 40-pin configuration and it takes input from the external sources and routes them to the appropriate devices as programmed in it. Features: The features of PHILIPS 89C51 include: 80C51 Central Processing Unit On-chip FLASH Program Memory Speed up to 33 MHz Fully Static Operation RAM expandable externally up to 64 Kbytes Four interrupt priority levels Six interrupt sources Four 8-bit I/O ports Full-duplex enhanced UART Framing error detection Automatic address recognition Power Control Modes Clock can be stopped and resumed Idle Mode Power down Mode Programmable clock out Second DPTR register Asynchronous Port Reset Watchdog Timer Pin Diagram Description: VCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Figure 3. 1: Pin Diagram of 89C51 Micro Controller Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. The alternate functions of Port 3 are as shown in table 3. 1. Table 3. 1: Alternate Functions of Port 3 Port PinAlternate Functions P3. 0RXD(serial input port) P3. 1TXD(serial output port) P3. 2INT0(external interrupt 0) P3. 3INT1(external interrupt 1) P3. 4T0(Timer 0 external interrupt) P3. 5T1(Timer 1 external interrupt) P3. WR(external data memory write strobe) P3. 7RD(external data memory read strobe) RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programmin g. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 3. 2. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven . There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Figure 3. 2: Crystal Oscillator Architecture of PHILIPS 89C51: The architecture of PHILIPS 89C51 is as shown in figure 3. 3 below and the modes of operation include idle mode and power down mode. Idle Mode: In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Figure 3. 3: Architecture of PHILIPS 89C51 Micro-controller Power-down Mode: In the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. Table 3. 2: Idle and power down modes ModeProgram MemoryALEPSENPORT0PORT1PORT2PORT3 IdleInternal11DataDataDataData IdleExternal11FloatDataAddressData Power downInternal00DataDataDataData Power downExternal00FloatDataDataData Timer 0 and Timer 1: The â€Å"Timer† or â€Å"Counter† function is selected by control bits C/T in the Special Function Register TMOD. These two Timer/Counters have four operating modes, which are selected by bit-pairs (M1, M0) in TMOD. Modes 0, 1, and 2 are the same for both Timers/Counters. Mode 3 is different. Memory Organization: During the runtime, micro controller uses two different types of memory: one for holding the program being executed (ROM memory), and the other for temporary storage of data and auxiliary variables (RAM memory). Depending on the particular model from 8051 family, this is usually few kilobytes of ROM and 128/256 bytes of RAM. This amount is built-in and is sufficient for common tasks performed â€Å"independently† by the MCU. However, 8051 can address up to 64KB of external memory. CHAPTER 4 SERIAL COMMUNICATION 4. 1 Introduction: When a micro processor communicates with the outside world, it provides data in byte-size chunks. In some cases, such as printers, the information is simply grabbed from the 8bit data bus of the printer. This can work only if the cable is not too long, since long cables diminish and ever distort signals. Furthermore, an 8-bit data path is expensive. For these reasons, serial communication is used for transferring data between two systems located at distances of hundreds of feet to millions of miles apart. The fact that in serial communication a single data line is used instead of the 8bit data line of parallel communication makes it not only much cheaper but also makes it possible for two computers located in two different cities to communicate over the telephone. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The asynchronous method transfers a block of data at a time while the synchronous data transfers a single byte at a time. It a mean possible to write software to use either of these methods, but the programs can be tedious and long. For this reason, there are special IC chips made by many manufacturers for serial data communications. This chips are commonly referred to as UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter). The ARM has built in UARTs. Figure 4. 1: Serial Communication 4. Asynchronous Serial Communication Data Framing: The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0’s and 1’s; it is difficult to make sense of data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute the character, and when the data begins and ends. Start and Stop bits: Asynchronous serial data communication is w idely used for character orientation transmissions. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed in between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed in between a start bit and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 and the stop bit is 1. Parity bit: In some systems in order to maintain data integrity, the parity bit of the character byte is included in the data frame. This means that for each character we have a single parity bit in addition to start bit and stop bits. The parity bit is odd or even. In case of an odd parity bit the number of data bits including parity bit is even. Data transfer rate: The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps(bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps in baud rate. Baud rate is defined as the number of signal changes per second. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rates as bps are the same. Data framing: Figure 4. 2: Data Framing 4. 3 RS232 Standard: To allow compatibility among the data communication equipment made by various manufacturers; an interfacing standard called RS232, was set by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. RS232 is the most widely used serial input-output interfacing standard. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25v, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25v. To connect any RS232 to a micro controller, voltage converters such as MAX232 are used. Max 232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers. RS232 connectors: The RS232 connector is as shown in figure 4. 3 and the working of pins is described in table 4. 1 Figure 4. 3: RS232 Connector Table 4. 1: Pin description of RS232 Connector Pin noFunction 1CD-Carrier Detector 2RxD-Receive Data 3TxD-Transmit Data DTR-Data Terminal Request 5GND-Signal Ground 6DSR-Data Set Ready 7RTS-Request To Send 8CTS-Clear To Send 9RI-Ring Indicator MAX 232: The RS 232 is not compatible with microcontroller, so a line driver converts the RS 232’s signals to TTL voltage levels. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232 -F inputs to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1. 3v, a typical hysteresis of 0. v, and can accept  ±30v inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. Transfer between microcontroller and RS 232c: Figure 4. 4: RS232 Level to TTL Level Conversion CHAPTER 5 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 5. 1 Introduction: The LCD unit receives character codes (8 bits per character) from a microprocessor or microcomputer, latches the codes to its display data RAM (80-byteDD RAM for storing 80 characters), transforms each character code into a 5Ãâ€"7 dot matrix character pattern, and displays the characters on its LCD screen. The LCD unit incorporates a character generator ROM which produces 160 different 5Ãâ€"7 dot-matrix character patterns. The unit also provides a character generator RAM (64 bytes) through which the user may define up to eight additional 5Ãâ€"7 dot matrix character patterns, as required by the application. To display a character, positional data is sent via the data bus from the microcontroller to the LCD unit, where it is written into the instruction register. A character code is then sent and written into the Data register. The LCD unit displays the corresponding character pattern in the specified position. The LCD unit can either increment or decrement the display position automatically after each character entry, so that only successive characters codes need to be entered to display a continuous character string. The display/cursor shift instruction allows the entry of characters in either the left-to-right or right to left direction. 5. 2 Features: The features of liquid crystal display include: Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. Display data RAM. 80 x8 bits (80 characters). Character generator ROM 160 different 5 x7 dot-matrix character patterns. Character generator RAM. different user programmed 5 x7 dot-matrix patterns. Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be accessed by the microprocessor. Numerous instructions. Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor. ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift. Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON. 5. 3 Pin diagram: Figure 5. 1: LCD Pin Diagram 5. 4 Pin description: VCC, VSS and VEE: While VCC and VSS provide + 5 V on and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling LCD contrast. RS: register select There are two very important registers inside LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. Is RS= 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, Cursor at home, etc. if RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD. R/W: read/write R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing. E: enable The LCD to latch information presented to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns wide. D0-D7: The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contest of the LCD internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1. We also use RS= 0to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD ready to receive. The busy flag isD7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS= 0, as follows: if R/w=1 and RS = 0. When D7 =1, the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new information. WhenD7=0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. . 5 LCD Commands: The commands given to the LCD are as shown in table 5. 1 Table 5. 1: LCD Commands HEXREGISTER 01Clear display screen 02Return home 04Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left) 06Increment cursor (shift cursor to right) 05Shift Display right 07Shift display left 08Display off, cursor off 0ADisplay off, cursor on 0CDisplay on, cursor off 0EDisplay on, curs or blinking 0FDisplay on, cursor blinking 10Shift cursor position to left 14Shift cursor position to right 18Shift the entire display to the left 1CShift the entire display to the right 80Force cursor to beginning of 1st line C0Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 382 lines and 5Ãâ€"7 matrix 5. 6 Power Supply Unit: The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a. c. input i. e. , 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d. c voltage. So in order to get a pure d. c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a. c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage. Figure 5. : Power Supply Unit 5. 6. 1 Transformer: Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a. c input available at the mains supply i. e. , 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required level. 5. 6. 2 Rectifier: The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A. C. into pulsating D. C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave ectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification. 5. 6. 3 Filter: Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and smoothens the D. C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. 5. 6. 4 Voltage Regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. Three-Terminal Voltage Regulator: Fig 5. 3 shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator, IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation). GND4 Figure 5. 3: Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator CHAPTER 6 RELAY DRIVER, RELAYS DEVICES 6. 1 Introduction: The ULN2003 is a high-voltage, high-current darling ton driver comprising of seven NPN darling ton pairs. For high input impedance we may use two ransistors to form a Darlington pair. This pair in CC configuration provides input impedance as high as 2Mohms. The input signal varies with the base current of the first transistor this produces variation in the collector current in the first transistor. The emitter load of the first stage is the input resistance of the second stage. The emitter current of the first transistor is the base current of the second transistor. The IC is as shown in figure 6. 1. . Figure 6. 1: ULN2003 Relay driver 6. 2 Features: The features of ULN2003 relay driver are: Output current (single output) 500mA MAX High sustaining voltage output 50v MIN Output clamp diodes Input compatible with various types of logic 6. 3 Pin Diagram Description: Fig 6. 2: Pin diagram of ULN 2003 The IC is of 16-pin and is a monolithic linear IC. It has 7darlington pairs internally of 7 inputs and 7 outputs i. e. 1 to 7 are inputs of Darlington pairs and 10 to 16 are the outputs, 8-pin is ground and 9-pin is common freewheeling diode. Applications: The ULN 2003 driver is used in Relays Hammer Lamps Display (LED) drivers 6. 4 Relays: 6. 4. 1 Introduction: The relay is a device that acts upon the same fundamental principle as the solenoid. The difference between a relay and a solenoid is that a relay does not have a movable core (plunger) while the solenoid does. Where multiple relays are used, several circuits may be controlled once. Relays are electrically operated control switches, and are classified according to their use as POWER RELAYS or CONTROL RELAYS. Power relays are called CONTACTORS, control relays are usually known simply as relays. The function of a contactor is to use a relatively small amount of electrical power to control the switching of a large amount of power. Control relays are frequently used in the control of low power circuits. . 4. 2 Electromagnetic Relay: Relays in which the relative movements of their mechanical components produce preset responses under the effect of the current in the input circuit are called electromagnetic relays. The relay used in this project is electromagnetic relay which is shown in figure 6. 4. 2. Figure 6. 3: Electromagnetic Relay 6. 4. 3 Operation: OperationAndWhen a certain voltage or current is applied to both ends of the coil of an electromagnetic relay, the magnetic flux passes through the magnetic circuit composed of iron core, yoke iron, armature iron and the magnetic circuit operation air gap. Under the influence of magnetic field, armature iron is attracted to iron core pole face thus propelling normally closed contact to open and normally open contact to close, when the applied voltage or current at both ends of the coil is lower than a certain value and mechanical reactance is greater than electromagnetic attraction, armature iron is restored to the original state and normally open contact opens and normally closed contact closes. 6. 4. 4 Components of Electromagnetic Relay: Electromagnetic relay is composed of magnetic circuit system, contact system and return mechanism. Magnetic circuit system is made up of such parts as iron core, yoke iron, armature iron and coil. Contact system is composed of such parts as static contact spring, movable contact spring and contact seat. Return mechanism is made up of return springs of draw springs. Figure 6. 4: Components of Electromagnetic Relay 6. 5 Devices: The devices include microwave oven, electric bulbs, fans, motors, coolers, etc. Any of the devices can be operated from anywhere by interfacing them to the microcontroller. CHAPTER 7 COMPONENTS INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER 7. MT8888C Interfacing With Microcontroller: The MT8888 DTMF transceiver is interfaced to the microcontroller port P2. The data pins of transceiver are interfaced with P2. 0-P2. 3 and the control pins are connected to P2. 4-P2. 7 as shown in figure 7. 1. PHILIPS 89C51MT8888 Figure 7. 1: Interfacing MT8888 with the microcontroller 7. 2 LCD Interfacing with the Microcontroller: Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the m icrocontroller, there are 8bit and 4bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of the process in a phase called â€Å"initialization†. In the first case, the data are transferred through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7) used for communication, while other may be left unconnected. Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first (that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards. With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received. Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it is not possible to read from display. Here we used 8 bit LCD. The LCD is interfaced with microcontroller port P0. The data pins of LCD are interfaced with the Port 0 pins P0. 0-P0. 7 and the control pins of LCD are interfaced with Port 1 pins P1. -P1. 7 as shown in figure 7. 2. PHILIPS 89C51 LCD Figure 7. 2: Interfacing LCD to the Microcontroller Algorithm to send data to LCD: 1. Make R/W low 2. Make RS=0; if data byte is command RS=1; if data byte is data (ASCII value) 3. Place data byte on data register 4. Pulse E (HIGH to LOW) 5. Repeat the steps to send another data byte 7. 3 Interfacing devices with the microcontroller: The devices that are t o be controlled are interfaced with port 1 of microcontroller. Here we used four devices and they are interfaced to P1. 0-P1. 3 as shown in figure 7. 3. Figure 7. 3: Interfacing devices with the microcontroller CHAPTER 8 SOFTWARE DETAILS 8. 1 Keil  µVision 4: Keil was founded in 1986 to market the add-on products for development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground up specifically for 8051 microcontroller. Keil provides broad range of development tools like ANSI C Compiler, macro assembler, debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE library managers, real time operating system evaluation boards for 8051 ARM families. It is used to write programs for an application. The programs can be written in embedded C or in assembly language. 8. 1. 1 Evaluation of Keil Software: Start the  µVision Program Select new  µVision Project from the project menu Give the project name: prjname and save it with extension*. uvproj as shown in fig 8. 1. 1a After saving another window will be displayed to select the target device. In that select LPC 2478 from NXP (founded by Philips) from the data base given Select it and click OK a new project with target file will be created. Select the new†¦ from the file menu Type your c file Select save†¦ from file menu. The first time you save the program a dialog box will pop-up and allow you to name your file and file type. Save program with file name: xxxx. c The file type mentioned at last (. c) means embedded c language. Right click on source group and click add files to source group. This will add files to project as shown in figure 8. 1. 1(b) Right click on source group and select build all target files. This will create HEX file needed for ARM. Figure 8. 1: Starting a New Project in KEIL Figure 8. 1 indicates how to start a new project in KEIL software to develop a program. Select the name of the project ant save it as . v2, then a new project is created as shown in figure. Figure 8. 2: Adding Files to the Source Group Figure 8. 2 shows how we should add files to the source group after we created a new project using KEIL micro vision. Figure 8. 3: Program written in the File added to the Source Group Figure 8. 3 shows the picture after the program file is being added to the source group so t hat an ASM file is created for the source file where code is written. 8. 1. 2 Using the Keil dscope Debugger: Select start /stop debug session from debug menu The debug program will start a new session as shown in figure 8. 1. 1(d) Select File, load object file from the program menu. Change the file type to HEX Select your hex file, e. g. xxxx. Hex Click OK You should now see the source code of the file typed in earlier Select Peripherals, GPIO Fast Interface, Ports required from the program menu. So that you can see the how output varies on ports. Select Port 0, Port 1, Port 2, Port 3 and port 4. Select Peripherals, UART, UARTs required from the program menu. So that you can see the how output varies on UARTs. Select UART0, UART1, UART2 and UART3. Click on go to see the real time update of the I/O ports. Click on stop when you are finished. You can also single step through you program or set break points at locations that you want the debugger to stop at. To set a breakpoint, double click on the line. Figure 8. 4: Debugging the code using Start/Stop Debug Session Figure 8. 4 shows that after the ASM file is created, it should be debugged using Start/Stop Debug Session. The program debuuging starts when we press the start and it can be ended using stop. Figure 8. 5: After Debugging, the value of the registers 8. 2 Flash Magic Software: The flash magic software is one of the best known microcontroller programs dumping software. It has the compatibility with the KEIL software. The HEX file generated by the KEIL is used by the FLASH MAGIC to program the microcontroller. The software uses the computer serial port to transmit data into microcontroller. It has many options like appending the code, erasing the memory, reading from the microcontroller etc to dump the code program first the FLASH MAGIC has to be provided with necessary information about the target, the band rate supported, the clock frequency,etc. ,then the software checks for the device connected to the computer serial port. If the target is not connected, an error is generated. The software then checks for the available memory and the size of file to be dumped. Then it checks whether the target (microcontroller) is in ISP (In –system programming) mode or not. If everything is fine then, it starts writing into the microcontroller using the serial data transfer pins Txd and Rxd pins on the microcontroller. After the code is loaded into the microcontroller, even the power goes off , the code will not be lost as it is stored in the EEPROM which is not volatile. Giving the RESET will restart the program execution from the beginning. We have seen that using a high level language improves the readability of the program, makes the programming process more efficient, and makes it possible to write portable code. The compiler generates the assembly code and therefore places a large role in determining the actual CPU operation. Because compilers are not as smart as programmers are, the machine code generated by compiler if typically larger and less efficient than the machine code generated from assembly source code. This may be disconcerting to some programmers, but it is not a good enough reason to avoid high level languages. Instead, it means that you must know yourcompiler and know how the different parts of your C code will be implemented. Figure 8. 2: Flash Magic for dumping the code into the microcontroller Flow Chart: NO YES YESYES NO YES YES NO YESYES NO YESYES NO 8. 4 Source Code: /***DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE***/ /*****************************BATCH – A2***********************************/ /********DTMF INITIALISATION********/ Dtmf_data equ p2 Dtmf_wr equ p2. 7 Dtmf_cs equ p2. 6 Dtmf_rs0 equ p2. 4 Dtmf_rd equ p2. 5 /********LCD INITIALISATION*********/ Lcddata equ p0 Lcd_rs equ p1. 5 Lcd_rw equ p1. 6 Lcd_en equ p1. 7 /*******DEVICES INITIALISATION********/ dev1 equ p1. 0 dev2 equ p1. 1 dev3 equ p1. 2 dev4 equ p1. 3 psswrd bit 21 org 00h mov p1,#0f0h mov r0,#50h call Dtmf_init call Lcd_init /*call DispLine1 mov dptr,#Proj_name call Disp_string call delay call DispLine2 mov dptr,#Proj_name1 call Disp_string call delay call DispLine3 mov dptr,#Proj_name2 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,#College_name call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,#College_location call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,#TEAM call Disp_string call DispLine2 ov dptr,#NAME1 call Disp_string call DispLine3 mov dptr,#NAME2 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,#NAME3 call Disp_string call DispLine2 mov dptr,#NAME4 call Disp_string call DispLine3 mov dptr,#NAME5 call Disp_string call DispLine4 mov dptr,#NAME6 call Disp_string call delay call Clr_Display */ main: call Clr_Display mov dptr, #myname call Disp_string clr psswrd Rx_tone: mov a,#8fh call Lcd_cmnd mov r0,#50h mov r7,#00h store_tone: call delay50ms clr a call read_sta_reg jnb acc. 2,store_tone call read_rx_data_reg anl a,#0fh jb psswrd,compare mov @r0,a mov a,#†*† call Lcd_data_out inc r0 inc r7 jne r7,#04,store_tone mov r0,#50h mov a,@r0 cjne a,#1,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,@r0 cjne a,#2,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,@r0 cjne a,#3,invalid_Tone inc r0 mov a,@r0 cjne a,#4,invalid_Tone call Clr_Display mov dptr,#yesOk call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone invalid_Tone: call Clr_Display mov dptr,#NotOk call Disp_string clr psswrd call delay50ms call delay50ms jmp main /***********************************************/ compare: cjne a,#01,label1 setb dev1 call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,#labela call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label1:cjne a,#02,label2 setb dev2 call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,#labelb all Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label2:cjne a,#03,label3 setb dev3 call Clr_Display call DispLine3 mov dptr,#labelc call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label3:cjne a,#04,label4 setb dev4 call Clr_Display call DispLine4 mov dptr,#labeld call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label4:cjne a,#05,label5 clr dev1 call Clr_Display call DispLine1 mov dptr,#labele call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label5:cjne a,#06,label6 clr dev2 call Clr_Display call DispLine2 mov dptr,#labelf call Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label6:cjne a,#07,label7 clr dev3 call Clr_Display call DispLine3 mov dptr,#labelg all Disp_string setb psswrd jmp store_tone label7:cjne a,#08,label8 clr dev4 call Clr_Display call DispLine4 mov dptr,#labelh call Disp_string setb psswrd label8: jmp store_tone /*————-Dtmf_init———————-*/ Dtmf_init: call read_sta_reg mov a,#00h call write_cnt_reg mov a,#00h call write_cnt_reg mov a,#08h call write_cnt_reg mov a,#00h call write_cnt_reg ca ll read_sta_reg ret read_sta_reg: mov Dtmf_data,#0ffh setb Dtmf_rs0 setb Dtmf_wr clr Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_cs nop nop mov a,Dtmf_data setb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_rd ret write_cnt_reg: mov Dtmf_data,a setb Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_wr setb Dtmf_rs0 clr Dtmf_cs nop nop etb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_wr ret read_rx_data_reg: mov Dtmf_data,#0ffh clr Dtmf_rs0 setb Dtmf_wr clr Dtmf_rd clr Dtmf_cs nop nop mov a,Dtmf_data setb Dtmf_cs setb Dtmf_rd ret /***********Lcd Display*******************/ Lcd_init: mov a,#30h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,#38h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,#06h call Lcd_cmnd mov a,#0ch call Lcd_cmnd mov a,#01h call Lcd_cmnd ret Lcd_cmnd: call delay_50ms mov Lcddata,a clr Lcd_rs clr Lcd_rw setb Lcd_en nop nop clr Lcd_en ret Lcd_data_out: call delay_50ms mov Lcddata,a setb Lcd_rs clr Lcd_rw setb Lcd_en nop nop clr Lcd_en ret Disp_string: clr a movc a,@a+dptr jz exit call delay_50ms call Lcd_data_out nc dptr jmp Disp_string exit:ret /*****************************************************/ /***************************** ************************/ ;routine for clearing display Clr_Display: mov a,#01h call lcd_cmnd ret /****************************************************/ /****************************************************/ ;this routine is for display in different lines DispLine1: mov a,#80h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine2: mov a,#0C0h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine3: mov a,#94h call LCD_Cmnd ret DispLine4: mov a,#0D4h call LCD_Cmnd ret /*****************************************************/ delay: call Delay50ms call Delay50ms all Delay50ms call Delay50ms call Delay50ms ret delay50ms: mov r2,#5 back2:mov r1,#200 back1:mov r5,#250 back:djnz r5,back djnz r1,back1 djnz r2,back2 ret delay_50ms: mov r4,#20 back4:mov r3,#250 back3:djnz r3,back3 djnz r4,back4 ret /*————————————-*/ ;Display String data Proj_name: DB â€Å"DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE â€Å",0 Proj_name1: DBâ€Å"CONTROL SYSTEM†, 0 Proj_name2:DB†USING MOBI LE PHONE†, 0 College_name:DB â€Å"MIC COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY â€Å", 0 College_location: DB † KANCHIKACHERLA â€Å", 0 TEAM:DB † DEVELOPED â€Å", 0 NAME1: DB † BY â€Å", 0 NAME2: DB † A2 BATCH â€Å", 0 NAME3: DB † LAVANYA â€Å", 0 NAME4: DB † SIRISHA â€Å", 0 NAME5: DB † PAVAN KUMAR â€Å", 0 NAME6: DB † KISHORE â€Å", 0 myname: DB â€Å"ENTER PASSWORD:†,0h yesOk: DB â€Å"VALID PASSWORD†,0h NotOk: DB â€Å"INVALID PASSWORD†, 0h labela:db † DEVICE1 ON â€Å",0 labelb:db † DEVICE2 ON â€Å",0 labelc:db † DEVICE3 ON â€Å",0 labeld:db † DEVICE4 ON â€Å",0 labele:db † DEVICE1 OFF â€Å",0 labelf:db † DEVICE2 OFF â€Å",0 labelg:db † DEVICE3 OFF â€Å",0 labelh:db † DEVICE4 OFF â€Å",0 end CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS 9. 1 Advantages: Increased productivity Low cost Reduces power consumption Virtual control of appliances High security 9. Disadvantages: No acknowledgement Switch-device pair should be known Network failure 9. 3 Applications: Other applications of this circuit include Agriculture Industry Colleges Schools Future Enhancement: Acknowledgement of the deviceâ₠¬â„¢s initial condition through SMS. This system can be expanded to provide control over the GPRS. CONCLUSION This project â€Å"DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE† overcomes the limitations of Wireless Domestic Automation which uses a transmitter and receiver to control the home appliances. It resembles a virtual human controlling the remote appliances using a control unit and a mobile phone. It mainly uses DTMF transceiver for decoding the tones generated by the mobile phone, which is given to the micro-controller to control the appliances. The remote appliances control system using mobile phone will one day become a reality and it may revolutionize our way of living. The wide areas of application include controlling the appliances like microwave oven, lighting fans, lights, etc. Another major application is industrial automation as it reduces the power consumption and is of low cost. As this system is implemented using in 2G communication network, the video data cannot be obtained. Future work includes research on the robot control system in 3G communication networks which facilitates controlling the remote robot using DTMF of mobile phone, with video data from the remote mobile robot’s camera. The Future enhancement also includes control of GPRS system using this system. REFERENCES Text Books: The 8051 Micro Controller architecture and embedded systems by Mazidi and Mazidi. Other References: www. atmel. com www. alldatasheets. com www. electronicshub. com www. philips. com International Journal of Electrical Computer Sciences IJECS Vol: 9 No: 10 How to cite Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone, Papers

Case Study on Diabetes Management for Patient-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss abouyt theCase Study on Diabetes Management for Patient Assesment. Answer: Patient History Mr J is a 76 year-old male patient. He has a height of 1.73m and weight of 85kg leading to a BMI of 28.0kg/m2 (overweight). He is a retired school teacher currently he stays in a nearby town with his wife and his 4 children. He visits the clinic after every 3 months for general checkup and to obtain his insulin medications since he has been on course of insulin pills. His family is faring fairly well and no issues of financial constraints. He prefers to go to this particular clinic because he is not charge since he is an ex-government employee. On addition to this, Mr.J suffered from hypertension, mainly because of stress from his previous work as a teacher. In the past, Mr.J had been diagnosed with a thyroid nodule in the throat which was benign and it was removed 5 years ago and hypertension. When he was a baby, he had asthma, but it became less apparent with time. He claimed that he neither smokes nor drinks. His two sisters and father had diabetes making it a hereditary condition. He also has a positive history of kidney failure and hypertension. On addition to insulin Course in pill form, Mr.J also uses alternative medications such as Barley Green Herb and supplements. He has rashes which is are an insect bite allergy which is possibly has a relationship with diabetes (Tricco et al., 2012, pp 2252-2261). Patient Assessment Mr J was admitted to the hospital with complains of mild giddiness and shortness of breath (SOB). Mr.J also had complains of painful chest. On examining him, he was conscious and alert and well-oriented to person, place and time. Venous Blood Gas sampling was carried out and the pH was discovered to be 7.31 which was low, pO2 was 45.7mmHg, pCO2 was 44.3mmHg and HCO3 of 24.6mmol/L. His blood pressure was 159/97mmHg, pulse rate was 74beats/minute, body temperature was 35.60C, SPO2 was 98% and the rate of respiration was 21 breaths/ minute. Reflo value was 17.2mmol/L and the value of ketones was 1.0. The lungs were found to be and symmetrical clear while the abdomen was non-tender and soft. Cardiovascular testing indicated dual rhythm with no murmur. Patient's laboratory investigations and findings Sodium was 130 mmol/L (Reference range 135-145 mmol/L), Creatinine was 84 mol/L (Reference range 60- 110 umol/L) , Potassium was 3.2 mmol/L(Reference Range 3.5-5mmol/L), Fasting Glucose was high at 14.1 mmol/L(Reference range 70-100mg/dl) , Total Body Cholesterol was 5.9 (Reference range 3-5.5mmol/L), High Density Lipoproteins were at 0.83 (Reference range 40-80 mg/dl), AST was normal at 24 IU/I (Reference range 10-40IU/I), Triglycerides were at 6.9mg/dL (Reference range 50-150 mg/dL) , ALT-45 IU/I (10-65IU/I),INR was at 1.05 (Reference range 2.0-3.0), Bilirubin was normal at 14 mol/L(Reference range 2-20umol/L) , the Trop I was at -0.05 (Normal less than 15ng/L) while the CKMB was 0.5 against a reference range of 0-0.4ng/mL. Disease Background and pathophysiology The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) changes largely across populations globally. In United Kingdom (UK), prevalence of diabetes is ever- raising. The incidence of type 2 DM indicates a rise every year. As long as the DM incidence is ever- increasing, it is very clear that many people have not yet been diagnosed and treated for diabetes (Bos and Agyemang, 2013). Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a physiological disorder associated with elevated blood glucose which is persistently more than the normal range. In other words, it is called hyperglycemia which is thought to be associated with either insulin deficiency, insulin resistance. Some of the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus include weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, increased hunger and thirst, frequent and sores which heal slowly (Siddiqui, 2013). Diabetes Mellitus is categorized into 4 major types. They include Type 1 DM, Type 2 DM, DM due to particular diseases and gestational DM. This essay will only discuss Type 2 DM which normally results from both insulin resistance and decreased secretion of insulin which is used in overcoming the resistance. Type 2 diabetes is a very common type of DM and it accounts for approximately 89-95 percent of the total cases of DM. Some of the commonest risk factors of type 2 DM are increased age, overweight, high intake of calories, sedentary lifestyle, central adiposity (Pellico and Bautista, 2012). The pathophysiology of Type 2 DM is associated with physiological mechanisms such as cell damage, excess toxicity, excess oxidation, glucose transport (GLUT4) dysfunction, insulin insensitivity and impaired regulation of production of hepatic insulin. Some of the cells that are initially affected due to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia are the Glycated Red Blood Cells, liver, fat and muscle cells. The cells are particularly meant to take glucose/sugar out of the blood system, pull it into the cells and convert it to energy. These cells often require insulin in order to absorb glucose into cells through GLUT4 transporters and insulin receptors. At the cellular level, insulin secreted by the pancreas binds to insulin receptors on the external edges of the cells (Haas, 2012, pp 619-629). The binding of insulin on its receptors triggers the GLUT4 glucose Transporters within the cells to shift to the outer edge hence pulling the glucose into the cell. Once the glucose is inside the cell, it is then transported to the mitochondria (energy factories) whereby it is changed to energy which is always in form of Adenosine Triphosphates (ATP). Consequently, the cells makes use of this energy to carry out its primary functioning (Kuehl and Stevens, 2012, p 405). Now in the case of diabetes, these cells fail to adequately respond to the level of circulating insulin hence losing the sensitivity towards insulin, usually known as insulin resistance. This leads to a rise in levels of blood glucose. In this case, the insulin secreted by the pancreas does not bind to the receptors hence no signal is send to GLUT4 glucose Transporters which then fails to move to the outer side of the cell hence no glucose is pulled into the cell (Bos and Agyemang, 2013, pp 387). Based on this, no glucose is transported to the mitochondria leading to production of no energy by the cells hence causing ineffective primary functioning of the cell. The blood glucose begins to increase when insulin is binding to the receptors. The body then reacts to this by physiologically triggering the pancreas to secrete insulin leading to elevated levels of insulin in blood. This condition is often called hyperinsulinemia (Yau et al., 2012). Based on this, liver cells become more resistant to insulin and they respond by producing excess sugar. Since the sugar in blood is not absorbed by cells, it accumulates in blood leading to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia leads damage of the Red Blood Cells leading to damage in the circulatory system which extends to the capillaries and arteries (Bos and Agyemang, 2013, pp-387). Obesity is among the major causes of type 2 diabetes. Abdominal fat triggers fat cells to produce pro-inflammatory substances which consequently reduces the sensitivity of the body towards insulin leading to disruption of primary functioning of body cells. Changes in body metabolism due to obesity causes release of fat molecules by adipose tissue into the blood which impacts on the insulin responsive cells leading to reduction in insulin sensitivity (Evert et al., 2014, pp 120-143). If diabetes mellitus goes untreated, it can lead to very severe complications which are fatal in nature. Some of the possible complications include cardiovascular disorders, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, skin disorders, kidney failure, impairment of hearing and Alzheimers disease. Heart diseases lead to an increased risk of cerebrovascular accident. Other additional complications may be feet amputations because of infections and dental problems (Diabetes, 2012). Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus To diagnose DM, hyperglycemia must be ruled out before the confirmation that the patient has DM. There are three major tests of plasma glucose test applied in diagnosis of DM. They include Fasting Plasma Glucose, Casual Plasma glucose and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) used in Fasting Glucose. To diagnose diabetes, the criteria applied include symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, thirst, polydipsia, weight loss and a Casual Plasma Glucose of 11mmol/L (Diabetes, 2012). Some of the tests that were used in diagnosis of type 2 DM include: Glycated Hemoglobin Test (AIC) which was used to indicate the patients average levels of blood sugar for the past 2 months. It was used to measure the sugar percentage attached to the hemoglobin and the values were 6.9 %. Random Blood Sugar was also done and it showed 28.3mg/dl. Fasting Blood Sugar test was done for an overnight fast and it showed 9mmol/L (Ding et al., 2015, pp 306-315). Additionally, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test was carried whereby the patient was given a sugary drink and the levels of blood sugar were measured periodically every two hours. Based on this test, the result was 13.2mmol/L (Diabetes, 2012 Pharmacological Management The patient was put on course of insulin pills 0.4units/kg/day (Inzucchi et al., 2015, pp 140-149) was prescribed. Insulin is a peptide hormone that is produced by Beta Cells of the pancreas. Insulin binds to a glycoprotein receptor on cell surface. This receptor has alpha sub-unit and beta-sub-unit, which is an insulin-stimulated tyrosine-specific protein kinase. Kinase activation generates a signal which eventually initiates action of insulin on lipid, protein and glucose metabolism. It causes the liver, muscles and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood system. This medication was meant to reduce the level of glucose from the blood. Insulin regulates metabolism of proteins, carbohydrate and fats in order to increase the utilization of glucose in the body. Hypoglycemia is one of the potential problems associated with insulin (Brown et al., 2017). Aspirin, 250mg 3 times a day dose was used as a prophylaxis or anti-platelet agent to cardiovascular problems. Aspirin acts by inactivating cyclo-oxygenase and prostaglandin synthase and inhibiting thromboxane formation in the platelets. This was used to prevent any cardiac events associated with type 2 diabetes (Hawwa et al., 2013, pp 54-62). Metformin, oral 500mg twice in a day, a biguanide was prescribed for Mr.J. Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent that is meant to improve the level of glucose tolerance in the patients by reducing intestinal glucose absorption and the hepatic production of glucose and hence improving sensitivity of insulin in the body tissues. Gastrointestinal effects of metformin include abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea (Brown et al., 2017). The patient was also on amlodipine 5mg orally once in a day for one week, a calcium channel blocker which interferes with the passage of calcium ions through the cell membrane channels. It mainly acts mainly on the vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells to reduce myocardial contractility. Perindopril, an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor was used for the hypertension to reduce blood pressure to normal. It inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor which is associated with high blood pressure, sodium and fluid retention systemic vasoconstriction (American Diabetes Association, 2014, pp 14-80). For the chest pain, the patient was given Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) 5mcg/min intravenous via non-absorptive tubing as a prophylaxis in angina. It directly causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of the coronary vessels hence improving supply of oxygen to the heart. Dilation of the blood vessels leads to reduced preload and afterload hence reducing myocardial consumption of oxygen. Sublingual GTN was used since it is more effective in providing immediate symptomatic relief of chest pain. It possible side effects tachycardia, include postural hypotension, dizziness, nausea, throbbing headache, flushing, vomiting and heartburn (American Diabetes Association, 2015, p-97). Life style modification techniques were also used in management of the diabetic condition of Mr.J. This modification included health eating such as avoiding sugary foods and high sodium intake in order to regulate his body weight and manage the blood glucose levels (Garber et al., 2013, pp327-336). Physical exercise was encouraged to promote effective functioning of insulin, reduce blood pressure and lower the risks of cardiovascular diseases. Blood glucose was monitored regularly by performing tests to check the prescribed medications were managing the blood glucose levels or any adjustment was required (Dunning, 2013). The nursing interventions for Mr.J were educating him about glucose monitoring while at home in order to prevent deterioration and promote healing. Educating the client on the mechanisms of action of the prescribed medications was done to promote patient adherence to medications which is useful in promotion of patient recovery. The nurses also emphasized on checking the viability of insulin for expirations and proper storage to enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in management of diabetes mellitus (Al-Khawaldeh et al., 2012, pp 10-16). Conclusion Mr.J was diagnosed with type 2 DM and he was put on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management techniques. Diabetes mellitus is classified into type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and regulation of insulin production. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia are the two major symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Some of the risk factors of type 2 DM are ageing, obesity or overweight, physical inactivity, sedentary life style and family history. Diagnosis of type 2 DM involves fasting glucose test, OGTT, oral glucose test and casual plasma test. If the blood glucose remain uncontrolled after medications, change of medications is required for the patient. Compliance to prescribed medications and life style modifications are they key strategies of managing type 2 DM. References Al-Khawaldeh, O.A., Al-Hassan, M.A. and Froelicher, E.S., 2012. Self-efficacy, self-management, and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Journal of Diabetes and its Complications,26(1), pp.10-16. American Diabetes Association, 2014. Standards of medical care in diabetes2014.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), pp.S14-S80. American Diabetes Association, 2015. Standards of medical care in diabetes2015 abridged for primary care providers.Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes Association,33(2), p.97. Bos, M. and Agyemang, C., 2013. Prevalence and complications of diabetes mellitus in Northern Africa, a systematic review.BMC public health,13(1), p.387. Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L. and Buckley, T., 2017.Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences. Diabetes, U.K., 2012. Diabetes in the UK.London: Diabetes UK. Dunning, T., 2013.Care of people with diabetes: a manual of nursing practice. John Wiley Sons. Evert, A.B., Boucher, J.L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S.A., Franz, M.J., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Neumiller, J.J., Nwankwo, R., Verdi, C.L., Urbanski, P. and Yancy, W.S., 2014. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes.Diabetes care,37(Supplement 1), pp.S120-S143. Garber, A., Abrahamson, M., Barzilay, J., Blonde, L., Bloomgarden, Z., Bush, M., Dagogo-Jack, S., Davidson, M., Einhorn, D., Garvey, W. and Grunberger, G., 2013. AACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013.Endocrine Practice,19(2), pp.327-336. Haas, L., Maryniuk, M., Beck, J., Cox, C.E., Duker, P., Edwards, L., Fisher, E., Hanson, L., Kent, D., Kolb, L. and McLaughlin, S., 2012. National standards for diabetes self-management education and support.The Diabetes Educator,38(5), pp.619-629. Hawwa, N., Schreiber, M.J. and Tang, W.W., 2013. Pharmacologic management of chronic reno-cardiac syndrome.Current heart failure reports,10(1), pp.54-62. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2015. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetes care,38(1), pp.140-149. Kuehl, M. and Stevens, M.J., 2012. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathies as complications of diabetes mellitus.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,8(7), p.405. Pellico, L.H. and Bautista, C., 2012.Focus on adult health medical-surgical nursing. Siddiqui, A.A., Siddiqui, S.A., Ahmad, S., Siddiqui, S., Ahsan, I. and Sahu, K., 2013. Diabetes: Mechanism, pathophysiology and management-A review.International Journal of Drug Development and Research,5(2). Tricco, A.C., Ivers, N.M., Grimshaw, J.M., Moher, D., Turner, L., Galipeau, J., Halperin, I., Vachon, B., Ramsay, T., Manns, B. and Tonelli, M., 2012. Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet,379(9833), pp.2252-2261. Ding, D., Chong, S., Jalaludin, B., Comino, E. and Bauman, A.E., 2015. Risk factors of incident type 2-diabetes mellitus over a 3-year follow-up: Results from a large Australian sample.Diabetes research and clinical practice,108(2), pp.306-315. Yau, J.W., Rogers, S.L., Kawasaki, R., Lamoureux, E.L., Kowalski, J.W., Bek, T., Chen, S.J., Dekker, J.M., Fletcher, A., Grauslund, J. and Haffner, S., 2012. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.Diabetes care, p.DC_111909.